The Concept of Exosomes and Their Therapeutic Potential
Elif AtayT., Gülnur UzunE. Exosomes classified as a subtype of extracellular vesicle (EV) and formed by endosomal way1-3, ~ have 30-150 nanometers (nm) diameter3-10 and spherical shape based on their scanning electron microscope (SEM)4,11-14; in addition, their...
From Mechanics to Tissue: Artificial Organ Design
Şehnaz Melisa AcarA., Tuğçe BinenE., Esra AvcıT., Gülnur UzunE. Although medical science is constantly making attempts to treat diseases that have serious and high mortality rates or reduce the quality of life, organ failure is one of the leading causes of death...
Model Organism Series I: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Their Usage Areas
Övgüm ÇolakoğluA., Nida DereliE. Introduction Model organisms can be utilized to comprehend particular biological processes and gather data that can bring light to how other organisms function. Many fish models have been used in the scientific world. Each fish species...
Cell Imaging: A Micro to Macro Adventure
Bensu Sıla Çelik T., Elif Duymaz E. Derived from the ancient Greek words micros (small) and skopein (seeing/looking), the microscope was invented in 1600 as an optical system that aims to make invisible cells and tissues visible1,2. Robert Hooke's first observations...
Viruses and Genetic Diversity
Zehra Nur KoyuncuT., Ebru KavaklıE. Genetic variation is the fundamental mechanism of evolution and provides a basis for organisms to overcome environmental challenges1. When these factors are considered, genetic variations essential for all biological systems are...
Paleogenetics: From Ancient Genomes to Modern Humans
Turna DemirciT. , Elif DuymazE. Paleogenetics is a new branch of science which focuses on ancient DNA (aDNA), genetic materials obtained from archaeological remains1,2. The aDNA was first isolated in 1984 by Higuchi and colleagues from a 150-year-old tissue belonging...
Overview of Deep Learning and Genomics Uses
Elif DuymazA.. , Fatma DuranE. Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing algorithms capable of instantiating different aspects of human intelligence1. Initially proposed by McCulloch and Pitts and inspired by the...
Next Generation Folding Architecture: De Novo Protein Design
Minel CengizT., Elif DuymazE. Proteins, one of the four groups of macromolecules necessary for the continuation of life, are initially linear polypeptide chains called primary structure and formed by the combination of amino acids in a certain order. Proteins perform...
Migraine: Debilitating Neurological Disorder
Fatma Betül Tekiner A. Ebru Kavaklı E. Introduction Migraine is one of the most prevalent and incapacitating neurological disorders1 linked to triggers2. According to the results of the latest Global Burden of Disease survey, migraine continues to rank first...
The Complement System and Cancer
Ebru KavaklıA. , Nida Dereli ÇalışkanE., Şehnaz Melisa AcarR. Introduction The complement system is an ancient, well-conserved part of the innate immune system. Its main role is to clear invading pathogens and toxic compounds from the circulatory system and remove...